All 5 Terms & Definitions
- Authentic pride
- Pride arising from attributing a success to one's own effort or specific action. Linked to genuine self-esteem, achievement motivation, conscientiousness, and prosocial behaviour. Adaptive for the individual and for social cohesion — it motivates continued effort and signals real competence.
- Hubristic pride
- Pride arising from attributing a success to one's global, stable ability or superiority. Linked to narcissism, entitlement, and interpersonal hostility. While it can produce short-term status gains, it tends to damage relationships and is associated with overconfidence and defensive reactions to criticism.
- Pride display
- The nonverbal expression of pride: body expansion (shoulders back, chest forward), a slight backward head tilt, and arms raised above the head or hands on hips. Identified by Tracy & Robins (2004) as universally recognised, including by members of a pre-literate Burkina Faso community and by congenitally blind judo athletes who could not have learned it visually.
- Social function of pride
- Pride signals social status and competence to others, motivating group members to defer to and affiliate with high-status individuals. It also motivates continued achievement in the individual who experiences it — a reward signal for socially valued effort.
- Self-attribution
- The process of attributing outcomes to the self, which is necessary for pride to arise. Weiner's attribution theory specifies that emotional reactions to outcomes depend on whether the cause is seen as internal vs. external, stable vs. unstable, and controllable vs. uncontrollable — with pride typically following internal, controllable attributions.